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- Economy
-
- Overview: This is a centrally planned, developing economy
- with extensive government ownership and control of productive
- facilities. The economy is primarily agricultural, employing
- about 65% of the labor force and accounting for almost half
- of GNP. Rice is the staple crop; substantial amounts of
- maize, sorghum, cassava, and sweet potatoes are also grown.
- The government permits sale of surplus grain on the open
- market. Most of the mineral resources are located in the
- north, including coal, which is an important export item.
- Following the end of the war in 1975, heavy handed government
- measures undermined efforts at an efficient merger of the
- agricultural resources of the south and the industrial resources
- of the north. The economy remains heavily dependent on foreign
- aid and has received assistance from Communist countries,
- Sweden, and UN agencies. Inflation, although down from recent
- triple-digit levels, is still a major weakness, and per
- capita output is among the world's lowest. Since early 1989
- the government has sponsored a broad reform program that
- seeks to turn more economic activity over to the private sector.
-
- GNP: $14.2 billion, per capita $215; real growth rate 8%
- (1989 est.).
-
- Inflation rate (consumer prices): 40% (1989 est.).
-
- Unemployment rate: 25% (1989 est.).
-
- Budget: revenues $3.2 billion; expenditures $4.3 billion,
- including capital expenditures of $528 million (1987 est.).
-
- Exports: $1.1 billion (f.o.b., 1988); commodities--agricultural
- and handicraft products, coal, minerals, ores; partners--USSR,
- Eastern Europe, Japan, Singapore.
-
- Imports: $2.5 billion (c.i.f., 1988); commodities--petroleum,
- steel products, railroad equipment, chemicals, medicines,
- raw cotton, fertilizer, grain; partners--USSR, Eastern Europe,
- Japan, Singapore.
-
- External debt: $16 billion (1989).
-
- Industrial production: growth rate 10% (1989).
-
- Electricity: 2,465,000 kW capacity; 6,730 million kWh produced,
- 100 kWh per capita (1989).
-
- Industries: food processing, textiles, machine building,
- mining, cement, chemical fertilizer, glass, tires, oil, fishing.
-
- Agriculture: accounts for half of GNP; paddy rice, corn,
- potatoes make up 50% of farm output; commercial crops (rubber,
- soybeans, coffee, tea, bananas) and animal products other
- 50%; not self-sufficient in food staple rice; fish catch
- of 900,000 metric tons (1988 est.).
-
- Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-74), $3.1 billion;
- Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments
- (1970-87), $2.7 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89),
- $61 million; Communist countries (1970-88), $10.9 million.
-
- Currency: new dong (plural--new dong); 1 new dong (D) = 100 xu.
-
- Exchange rates: new dong (D) per US$1--4,000 (March 1990),
- 900 (1988), 225 (1987), 18 (1986), 12 (1985); note--1985-89
- figures are end of year.
-
- Fiscal year: calendar year.
-